Botulinum toxin: From the natural cause of botulism to an emerging therapeutic in veterinary medicine

Botulinum toxins are one of the most potent biological known. They cause botulism in wildlife and livestock, thus, regarded as a problem veterinary medicine. On other hand, use purified low dose pharmaceutical grade botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT-A) different human clinical implications such movement, autonomic disorders, pain conditions have expanded last 30-40 years based on its long-lasting effects good safety profile. However, despite that, practice is lagging far behind already well-established humans. BoNT-A not licensed for any medical condition, overall, there only few trials several case studies, notable being reports limited studies osteoarthritis perioperative dogs, lameness horses, well spasticity treatment cats. Indications medicine happen to be very similar when compared indications, which surprising due pathophysiological similarities. This warrants further research novel indications   &nbsp